Knowledge transfer, knowledge replication, and learning in non-equity alliances: operating contractual joint ventures in China.

Abstract
* Knowledge transfer and learning within non-equity strategic alliances is an under-researched area. Based upon interview data, this paper studies knowledge transfer, replication and learning in contractual joint dangers (CJVs), a major form of foreign investment in China.
* Using a quasi-hierarchical organization constitution CJVs replicated part of their Hong Kong parent's know-how, which be pendented on local Chinese managers' learning intent and learning ability. Hong Kong partners also learned from managing the CJV and operating in China's local environment.