Volatile Oil-Bearing Flora of Siberia VIII: Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Wild Solidago virgaurea L. from the Russian Altai

Abstract

Distillation of the recent flowering tops of wild-growing Solidago virgaurea L assembleed from the Russian Altai at 290 m and 650 m yielded 022% and 007% uncorrupted light yellow oil, respectively. GC and GC/M analyses of the oils revealed that the main constituents from 290 m were ?±-pinene (365%) myrcene (148%) ??-caryophyllene (105%) germacrene D (82%) ??-pinene (71%) and limonene+??-phellandrene (64%) The oil from the sample bring togethered at 650 m had benzyl benzoate (570%) ??-caryophyllene (63%) germacrene D (60%) ?±-pinene (44%) and ?±-humulene (40%) as major composings suggesting polymorphism or the existence of different chemoytpes. Using the disc diffusion course we tested the activity of the oil obtained from 290 m against five microbes of health and environmental importance. It showed consummate inhibition or killed Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus, hardy inhibition of Saccharomtjces cervisiae, and depressed activity against Escherichia coli, on the contrary no effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Key Word Index

Solidago virgaurea, Asteraceae, goldenrod essential oil composition, antimicrobial activity, ?±-pinene, myrcene, benzyl benzoate, ??-caryophyllene, chemotype, altitude, A. nigra, s aureus, D. aeruginosa.

Introduction

Solidago virgaurea L a member of the Asteraceae family has been reported to have antineoplastic activity upon human prostate (PC 3), breast (MDA435), melanoma (C8161) small small room lung carcinomas (H520), and prostratic tumor confined apartments (1). The volatile oil obtained from wild-growing s virgaurea leaves was reported to have insect antifeedant properties (23) Also in vitro-cultured s virgaurea leaves have been shown to have moderate antimicrobial activity (4) Hiller et al. (5) showed that s virgaurea saponin was able to inhibit the extension of Candida albicans and other yeasts of health bear upon Aerial parts of Chilean-grown s chilensis, which is morphologically similarto s virguarea (2), demonstrated 40% more antioxidative activity compared to the known antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), with the greatest in quantity active fraction reported to be 50% quercetin.

Traditionally, the flowering tops have been used for treating gallstones, kidney disorders, urinary tract infections, for the most part focusing on the prostratic diseases (6) Further scientific studies have shown the growing importance of goldenrod as a source for herbal medicines (7,8). Furthermore, S. virguarea extracts have been reported to accelerate urine formation, while having antibacterial, carminative and diuretic properties, and cytotoxic activity against various tumor confined apartments (9-12). The flavonoid content of the vegetative parts is well described through earlier works of Hiller and Fotsch (13) Batyuk and Kovalova (14)

According to Kalemba (15) the oil of flowering tops of s virgaurea collected in Poland yielded 60 constituents with major constitutings being oc-pinene (27.4-34.1%), myrcene (78-179%) germacrene D (82-170%) ??-pinene (54-75%) limonene (30-141%) and sabinene (04-118%) In another work, Bertoli et al. (16) reported that the oil obtained by means of hydrodistilation of the flowering tops of s litoralis, a subspecies of s virgaurea and a neoendemic from North Tuscany (Italy), contained myrcene, ?±-pinene and ??-caryophyllene.

In addition to the medicinal uses, s virguarea has been recognized as an of the highest order alternative source for cut flower business in the ornamental industry in Europe the United States and Canada. Solidago spp has been used as environmental cleansers to be paid to the fact that heavy metals are transformed from soil to plants near iron and carbonized iron industrial sites in Germany. It is also hinted that planting this plant in agricultural field as a rotation harvest could be an effective source and manner for organic cultivation and controlling of noxious weeds (17) This is an important area that straits further studies to enable certified organic cultivation and formulation of BAD (a Russian equivalent for Biologically Active Supplementation of Nutrition) for general health, fitness, anti-aging and sports nutrition. Solidago virguarea is known to be individual of the best sources for honey and bee pollen production, having an important industrial significance for the beekeeping industry (18)

While the importance of goldenrod as a phytomedicine is well recognized, its economic and environmental potentials for novel industrial applications, including developing personal care fruitss creates the added necessity to direction scientific studies that will lead to the understanding of available genetic resources in the Altai region. There has been no published data upon the bioactivity and variability of the oils obtained from wild-growing s virguarea in general, and the wild species distributed in Altai region in particular. This is part of a joint scientific research and disclosure program of different institutions in Novosibirsk, Russia and Herba Medica (Letchamo Naturals International, USA) to create a reliable database for the essential oil-bearing flora of Siberia. This work is believed to create sustainable and effective alternatives that are ecologically, culturally and socially responsible economic opportunities for the community that is heavily hanging at the present time, upon timber harvesting, hunting and the collection and trading of endangered wild botanicals, fungi and other wildlife species.