Holding up half the sky: women and psychological resistance.

The authors not absent a psychological resistance model, based upon the 7 principles of the Nguzo Saba, for women across race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, and class. sum of two units forms of resistance, optimal and suboptimal, are described. Case studies demonstrating the principles and the two strategies of resistance are neared Implications for counselors are discussed.

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In 1991 Robinson and Ward published an article titled, "A Belief in Self Far Greater Than Anyone's Disbelief: Cultivating Resistance Among African American Females." In that article, they not absented two forms of psychological resistance that are used to secure from danger against oppression: optimal resistance (liberating) and suboptimal resistance (survival