Use of Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate in Codling Moth Management: Kairomone Species Specificity

ABSTRACT

Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) is a kairomonal attractant for the couple male and female codling miller Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, pear and walnut. Studies were directioned in the western Untied States to evaluate the potential attractiveness of this kairomone for eight lepidopteran infectious diseases of these three crops, as well as, in cherry, peach/nectarine, apricot, fruit of the plum-tree almond, pistachio, grape, kiwi, and citrus. The pear ester was loaded (100 mg) into gray halobutyl septa and insects were monitored with diamond- or delta-shaped sticky traps. temptations were not attractive to peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller); oriental fruit miller Cydia molesta (Busck); omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walshingham; navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker); apple fruitworm, Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson); pandemis leafroller, Pandemis pyrusana (Kearfott); obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); and western tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter mespiella (H??ebner) Additional studies with C molesta populations attacking apple and pear would be useful.

Key Words: Cydia pomonella, Cydia molesta, pear ester entertainer plant volatiles, monitoring

INTRODUCTION

Codling miller Cydia pomonella (L.), is the lock opener pest of pears, apples, and walnuts worldwide (Barnes 1991) Identification of the pear ester ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, as a kairomone attractant for adult and larval stages of codling miller has allowed the development of several novel approaches to successfully monitor and manage this infectious disease (Light et al. 2001, Knight and Light 2001; Knight et al. 2002; Knight et al. 2005) Pear ester is a characteristic volatile of ripe pear (Jennings et al. 1964) and has not been finded in headspace volatiles of unripe pear fruit and is not known to be not away in pear leaves (Shiota 1990 Miller et al. 1989) or in walnut fruit or leaves (Buttery et al. 2000) However, it has been finded as a minor constituent in ripe 'R Delicious' apple (Berger et al. 1984) and in quince (Schimizu and Yoshihara 1977)

The attractiveness of pear ester for insects other than codling miller has been reported. The yellowjacket wasp Vespula vidua (Saussure) was caught in depressed numbers in traps baited with pear ester (Day and Jeanne 2001); and higher temptation loadings (> 40.0 mg) in gray halobutyl elastomer septa are attractive to the western gold-colored jacket, Vespula pennsylvanic (Saussure) in apple (ALK, unpublished data). depressed numbers of adult stink bug Euschistus conspersus Uhler have occasionally been observ in or near traps baited with > 200 mg pear ester septa (ALK and DML unpublished data).

The attractiveness of pear ester to other lepidopteran species has also been reported. sum of two units polyphagous tortricid species, Hedya nubiferana Haworth and Cydia fagiglandana (Zeller) were caught in traps baited with pear ester in Swedish apple orchards (Coracini et al. 2004) and in a mixed apple and cherry orchard in Italy (Schmidt et al. 2004) In addition, the plague species, Cydia splendana (H??bner) was caught in traps baited with pear ester in chestnut orchards (Schmidt et al. 2004)

The attractiveness of pear ester to lepidopteran infections sympatric with codling moth in pome fruits and walnuts in western North America has not been studied. This mingled of pest species includes tortricid leafrollers, noctuid fruitworms and cutworms, and gracillarid leafminers (Beers et al. 1993; VanBuskirk et al. 1999) Six tortricid leafroller species fe upon the developing buds, leaves, and external surface of apple and pear fruit: Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), Pandemis pynisana (Kearfott), Platynota stultana Walshingham, Archips rosanns (L) Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald), and Archips argyrospihts (Walker). The western tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter mespiella (H??ebner) is a belonging to all indirect gracillarid feeding beneath the epidermis of apple and pear leaves on the contrary causing little economic damage to the harvest Several cutworm and fruitworm noctuid species including Xestia c-nigrum (L) and Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson), are occasional infectious diseases of apple and pear orchards and fe upon buds, leaves, and fruit (Barnett et al. 1991; Landolt 1998) The oriental fruit miller Cydia molesta (Busck), is a lock opener pest of stone fruits attacking the pair developing shoots and fruits (Rothschild and Vickers 1991) However, this species has expanded its entertainer range recently and has become a significant plague of apple and pear in a certain number of geographical regions (Civolani et al. 1998; Usmani and Shearer 2001; Il'ichev et al. 2003)

Many of these lepidopteran infectious disease species of pome fruit have a broad entertainer range that can include cherry, peach/nectarine, grape, citrus, kiwi, and pistachio, as well as uncultivated entertainers (Barnett et al. 1991; Beers et al. 1993) entertainer races of codling moth are reported to sporadically attack other harvests such as plum, apricot, and almonds (Barnes 1991) and have been reported to attack cherry (Mote 1926) Within these harvests other important lepidopteran pests can arise The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), attacks walnuts, pistachios, and almonds (Barnett et al. 1991) The peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller) is another lock opener pest damaging shoots and fruits of almonds and stone fruits (Barnes et al. 1993)